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Third-party developers can add cmdlets and providers to PowerShell. Cmdlets work in tandem with the. PowerShell’s support for. These applications can then use PowerShell functionality to implement certain operations, including those exposed via the graphical interface.

This capability has been used by Microsoft Exchange Server to expose its management functionality as PowerShell cmdlets and providers and implement the graphical management tools as PowerShell hosts which invoke the necessary cmdlets. PowerShell includes its own extensive, console-based help similar to man pages in Unix shells accessible via the Get-Help cmdlet. Updated local help contents can be retrieved from the Internet via the Update-Help cmdlet. Alternatively, help from the web can be acquired on a case-by-case basis via the -online switch to Get-Help.

The command-line interpreter CLI has been an inseparable part of most Microsoft operating systems. Both environments support a few basic internal commands and a primitive scripting language batch files , which can be used to automate various tasks.

However, they cannot automate all facets of Windows graphical user interface GUI because command-line equivalents of operations are limited and the scripting language is elementary. Microsoft attempted to address some of these shortcomings by introducing the Windows Script Host in with Windows 98 , and its command-line based host, cscript. However, it has its own deficiencies: its documentation is not very accessible, and it quickly gained a reputation as a system vulnerability vector after several high-profile computer viruses exploited weaknesses in its security provisions.

Different versions of Windows provided various special-purpose command-line interpreters such as netsh and WMIC with their own command sets but they were not interoperable. Windows Server further attempted to improve the command line experience but scripting support was still unsatisfactory. The ability to run Intel’s many KornShell automation scripts on Windows was identified as a key capability. Internally, Microsoft began an effort to create a Windows port of Korn Shell, which was code-named Kermit.

However, with a fully funded team, Microsoft program manager Jeffrey Snover realized there was an opportunity to create a more general-purpose solution to Microsoft’s problem of administrative automation. The ideas behind it were published in August in a white paper called the “Monad Manifesto” by its chief architect, Jeffrey Snover. They were fundamentally incompatible, which led him to take a different approach.

Monad was to be a new extensible CLI with a fresh design capable of automating a range of core administrative tasks. A few months later, they opened up private beta, which eventually led to a public beta. Microsoft published the first Monad public beta release on 17 June and the Beta 2 on 11 September , and Beta 3 on 10 January On 25 April , not long after the initial Monad announcement, Microsoft announced that Monad had been renamed Windows PowerShell , positioning it as a significant part of its management technology offerings.

A significant aspect of both the name change and the RC was that this was now a component of Windows, rather than a mere add-on. Release Candidate 2 of PowerShell version 1 was released on 26 September , with final release to the web on 14 November PowerShell for earlier versions of Windows was released on 30 January During the development, Microsoft shipped three community technology previews CTP. Microsoft made these releases available to the public.

PowerShell v2. Windows 10 shipped a testing framework for PowerShell. It is distinct from “Windows PowerShell”, which runs on the full. NET Framework. NET Framework, and other software. The intent with this tactic is to provide an administrator-friendly, more-consistent interface between administrators and a wide range of underlying functionality. With PowerShell, an administrator doesn’t need to know. In this regard, PowerShell creates little new functionality, instead focusing on making existing functionality more accessible to a particular audience.

Windows PowerShell can execute four kinds of named commands: [27]. If a command is a standalone executable program, PowerShell launches it in a separate process ; if it is a cmdlet, it executes in the PowerShell process.

PowerShell provides an interactive command-line interface , where the commands can be entered and their output displayed. The user interface offers customizable tab completion. PowerShell enables the creation of aliases for cmdlets, which PowerShell textually translates into invocations of the original commands.

PowerShell supports both named and positional parameters for commands. In executing a cmdlet, the job of binding the argument value to the parameter is done by PowerShell itself, but for external executables, arguments are parsed by the external executable independently of PowerShell interpretation. NET type system, but with extended semantics for example, propertySets and third-party extensibility.

For example, it enables the creation of different views of objects by exposing only a subset of the data fields, properties, and methods, as well as specifying custom formatting and sorting behavior.

These views are mapped to the original object using XML -based configuration files. Cmdlets are specialized commands in the PowerShell environment that implement specific functions.

These are the native commands in the PowerShell stack. Cmdlets follow a Verb – Noun naming pattern, such as Get-ChildItem , which makes it self-documenting code. If a cmdlet outputs multiple objects, each object in the collection is passed down through the entire pipeline before the next object is processed.

Cmdlets are specialized. NET classes , which the PowerShell runtime instantiates and invokes at execution time. Cmdlets derive either from Cmdlet or from PSCmdlet , the latter being used when the cmdlet needs to interact with the PowerShell runtime. Whenever a cmdlet runs, PowerShell invokes these methods in sequence, with ProcessRecord being called if it receives pipeline input. The class implementing the cmdlet must have one.

NET attribute — CmdletAttribute — which specifies the verb and the noun that make up the name of the cmdlet. Common verbs are provided as an enum. If a cmdlet receives either pipeline input or command-line parameter input, there must be a corresponding property in the class, with a mutator implementation.

PowerShell invokes the mutator with the parameter value or pipeline input, which is saved by the mutator implementation in class variables.

These values are then referred to by the methods which implement the functionality. Properties that map to command-line parameters are marked by ParameterAttribute [34] and are set before the call to BeginProcessing.

Those which map to pipeline input are also flanked by ParameterAttribute , but with the ValueFromPipeline attribute parameter set. The implementation of these cmdlet classes can refer to any. NET language. In addition, PowerShell makes certain APIs available, such as WriteObject , which is used to access PowerShell-specific functionality, such as writing resultant objects to the pipeline.

Cmdlets can use. Data stores are exposed using drive letters , and hierarchies within them, addressed as directories. Windows PowerShell ships with providers for the file system , registry , the certificate store, as well as the namespaces for command aliases, variables, and functions.

Other applications can register cmdlets with PowerShell, thus allowing it to manage them, and, if they enclose any datastore such as a database , they can add specific providers as well. The number of cmdlets included in the base PowerShell install has generally increased with each version:. Cmdlets can be added into the shell through snap-ins deprecated in v2 and modules; users are not limited to the cmdlets included in the base PowerShell installation. PowerShell implements the concept of a pipeline , which enables piping the output of one cmdlet to another cmdlet as input.

For example, the output of the Get-Process cmdlet could be piped to the Where-Object to filter any process that has less than 1 MB of paged memory , and then to the Sort-Object cmdlet e. As with Unix pipelines , PowerShell pipelines can construct complex commands, using the operator to connect stages. However, the PowerShell pipeline differs from Unix pipelines in that stages execute within the PowerShell runtime rather than as a set of processes coordinated by the operating system.

Additionally, structured. NET objects, rather than byte streams , are passed from one stage to the next. Using objects and executing stages within the PowerShell runtime eliminates the need to serialize data structures, or to extract them by explicitly parsing text output. Because all PowerShell objects are. NET objects, they share a. ToString method, which retrieves the text representation of the data in an object.

In addition, PowerShell allows formatting definitions to be specified, so the text representation of objects can be customized by choosing which data elements to display, and in what manner.

However, in order to maintain backward compatibility , if an external executable is used in a pipeline, it receives a text stream representing the object, instead of directly integrating with the PowerShell type system.

Windows PowerShell includes a dynamically typed scripting language which can implement complex operations using cmdlets imperatively. Variables can be assigned any value, including the output of cmdlets. Strings can be enclosed either in single quotes or in double quotes: when using double quotes, variables will be expanded even if they are inside the quotation marks.

If it is used as an L-value , anything assigned to it will be written to the file. When used as an R-value , the contents of the file will be read. If an object is assigned, it is serialized before being stored.

Object members can be accessed using. The PowerShell scripting language also evaluates arithmetic expressions entered on the command line immediately, and it parses common abbreviations, such as GB, MB, and KB.

Using the function keyword, PowerShell provides for the creation of functions. A simple function has the following general look: [53]. However, PowerShell allows for advanced functions that support named parameters, positional parameters, switch parameters and dynamic parameters. The defined function is invoked in either of the following forms: [53]. PowerShell allows any static. NET methods to be called by providing their namespaces enclosed in brackets [] , and then using a pair of colons :: to indicate the static method.

There are dozens of ways to create objects in PowerShell. Once created, one can access the properties and instance methods of an object using the. PowerShell accepts strings , both raw and escaped.

A string enclosed between single quotation marks is a raw string while a string enclosed between double quotation marks is an escaped string. PowerShell treats straight and curly quotes as equivalent. The following list of special characters is supported by PowerShell: [56]. For error handling, PowerShell provides a. NET-based exception-handling mechanism.

In case of errors, objects containing information about the error Exception object are thrown, which are caught using the try PowerShell can be configured to silently resume execution, without actually throwing the exception; this can be done either on a single command, a single session or perpetually. Scripts written using PowerShell can be made to persist across sessions in either a.

Later, either the entire script or individual functions in the script can be used. Scripts and functions operate analogously with cmdlets, in that they can be used as commands in pipelines, and parameters can be bound to them. Pipeline objects can be passed between functions, scripts, and cmdlets seamlessly.

To prevent unintentional running of scripts, script execution is disabled by default and must be enabled explicitly. PowerShell scripts can be signed to verify their integrity, and are subject to Code Access Security. The PowerShell scripting language supports binary prefix notation similar to the scientific notation supported by many programming languages in the C-family. One can also use PowerShell embedded in a management application, which uses the PowerShell runtime to implement the management functionality.

Via the APIs, the application can instantiate a runspace one instantiation of the PowerShell runtime , which runs in the application’s process and is exposed as a Runspace object. When the runspace is created, the Windows PowerShell runtime initializes the instantiation, including initializing the providers and enumerating the cmdlets, and updates the SessionState object accordingly.

The Runspace then must be opened for either synchronous processing or asynchronous processing. After that it can be used to execute commands. To execute a command, a pipeline represented by a Pipeline object must be created and associated with the runspace.

The pipeline object is then populated with the cmdlets that make up the pipeline. For sequential operations as in a PowerShell script , a Pipeline object is created for each statement and nested inside another Pipeline object. The types are verified and parameters bound using reflection. If the pipeline has the Write-Host cmdlet at the end of the pipeline, it writes the result onto the console screen. If not, the results are handed over to the host, which might either apply further processing or display the output itself.

The host creates the pipeline and executes them. In fact, the interactive PowerShell console itself is a PowerShell host, which interprets the scripts entered at command line and creates the necessary Pipeline objects and invokes them. DSC allows for declaratively specifying how a software environment should be configured.

Upon running a configuration , DSC will ensure that the system gets the state described in the configuration. DSC configurations are idempotent. The Local Configuration Manager LCM periodically polls the system using the control flow described by resources imperative pieces of DSC to make sure that the state of a configuration is maintained.

All major releases are still supported, and each major release has featured backwards compatibility with preceding versions. PowerShell 1. PowerShell 2. PowerShell v2 includes changes to the scripting language and hosting API, in addition to including more than new cmdlets. New features of PowerShell 2. PowerShell 3. Microsoft has also made PowerShell 3. New features in PowerShell 3. PowerShell 4. Microsoft has also made PowerShell 4.

PowerShell 5. The “Desktop” edition is the continuation of the traditional Windows PowerShell that runs on the. NET Framework stack. The “Core” edition runs on. In exchange for smaller footprint, the latter lacks some features such as the cmdlets to manage clipboard or join a computer to a domain, WMI version 1 cmdlets, Event Log cmdlets and profiles. PowerShell Core 6. Microsoft expects to release one minor version for PowerShell Core 6. The most significant change in this version of PowerShell is the expansion to the other platforms.

 

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